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- Liver: lobular architecture with portal triads at corners and central veins; plates of hepatocytes one to two cells thick.
- Biliary tree: cholangiocytes line ducts (cuboidal → columnar as ducts enlarge); periductal stroma delicate.
- Pancreas: mixed exocrine (acini/ducts) and endocrine (islets); ducts have no surrounding myoepithelium.
- Sinusoids lined by fenestrated endothelium and Kupffer cells; portal tracts contain bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery.
- Hepatocytes polygonal, eosinophilic, central round nuclei; occasional binucleation is normal.
- Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes (not seen on H&E unless dilated); limiting plate of hepatocytes rims portal tract.
- Kupffer cells CD68+ in sinusoids; Ito (stellate) cells store vitamin A in space of Disse.
- Small bile ducts: simple cuboidal epithelium, thin basement membrane, embedded in portal triad.
- Larger ducts: columnar epithelium, peribiliary glands in larger extrahepatic ducts, fibromuscular wall.
- Cholecyst: tall columnar with apical microvilli, no goblet cells; Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses may be present as normal variations.
- Acini: basophilic basal cytoplasm, eosinophilic zymogen apices; centroacinar cells mark duct origin.
- Ducts: intercalated ducts low cuboidal; intralobular ducts simple cuboidal; interlobular ducts columnar with fibrous walls.
- Islets of Langerhans: pale-staining nests; insulin (beta) cells central, glucagon (alpha) peripheral; rich capillary network.
- Hepatocyte: HepPar-1, arginase-1, albumin (ISH), canalicular polyclonal CEA/CD10.
- Bile duct / cholangiocyte: CK7, CK19, SOX9.
- Pancreatic acinar: trypsin, chymotrypsin, BCL10.
- Islet: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, chromogranin, synaptophysin.
